The Siege of Czestochowa

From the American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property
By Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira

Preliminary Note: The account of the siege of Czestochowa which we present here is based on the Memoirs of the Siege of Czestochowa by Father Augustine Kordecki (Pamietnik oblezenia Czestochowy, edited and with a preface by Jan Tokarski, London, Veritas, 1956) Written by Friar Kordecki in response to a wish of King Casimir, these memoirs were originally published in Latin.

"When God the most High decided to chastise the Poles, in His goodness He first sent various signs warning of the catastrophe which approached."

So He permitted that, the 10th of February 1654, the high tower of the Sanctuary of Czestochowa be struck by lighting and consumed by fire.

In that same year, on the 9th of July, everyone saw a miracle which occurred in the face of the sun: "In the nose of the sun there appeared a cross, which gradually became transformed into a heart, this latter pieced by a sword moved to one side and halted at the position of an eye. In the place of the other eye, one saw a hand holding a mace, which moved toward the forehead, dividing into four parts, and then on reaching the rim of the solar disk, became a scourge"(pg. 97).

"The following year God's scourge against the Poles, Karl Gustav, king of the Swedes, set out from the north."

This king was one of the most outstanding generals of his time and one of the most ferocious of the Protestant leaders.

I. - THE SIEGE: PHASE BEFORE THE ATTACK

THE EMPLOYMENT OF THE BINOMIAL FEAR - KINDNESS PREDOMINATES

The Swedes easily took the whole country, almost without resistance. Practically all the nobility, part of which was Calvinist, accepted Karl Gustav as "Protector of the Polish Crown," abandoning King Jan Kazimierz to his own fate. After conquering Krakow in the far south, they sent, on orders of the Swedish King, an army of three or four thousand men to take the fortress - sanctuary of Czestochowa, about 125 miles from there.

1. A third force Catholic* employs for the first, into the binomial fear - kindness

Going ahead of the enemy, Count Jan Wejchard of Wrzeszczewicz, in order to gain the good graces of the king of the heretics, demands of the Pauline Friars that they hand over the fortress of Jasna Gora to him, a Catholic, to avoid its falling directly into the hands of the Swedes. He threatened to take the sanctuary by force, if the did not heed his demand. The monks headed by their Friar Augustine Kordecki tried to dissuade the count from his vile pretension and refused his proposal.

2. An authentic Catholic reacts

Meanwhile, some nobles, fleeing before the Swedish advance, sought refuge in Jasna Gora. One of them, Stephan Zamoyski, counseled the religious not to give in to the enemy, and affirmed that those who sought refuge there were prepared to die in defense of the holy place, confiding themselves to the protection of Our Lady.

3. The first refusal of the monks, in the face of the binomial fear - kindness

The Count of Wrzeszczewicz, however, did not give up his plan, and sent an ultimatum to the Prior, demanding openly that Jasna Gora yield to the Swedish King and swear submission and loyalty to the usurper, and that the religious promise to denounce to him any uprisings which they may hear of in the future.

The monks respond immediately, through their prior: "It is better to die worthily, than to live impiously." (pg. 103)

4. The third force Catholic shows himself a traitor

Since the treasonous Count did not have the means to conquer Jasna Gora by arms, he attacked and damaged some properties of the monastery, and hastened to meet General Miller, who was moving his troops not far away. Enticing him with the treasures of the shrine, he managed to convince him to attack Jasna Gora right away.

The prior, calling together the council of the monastery, communicated to the religious his decision not to hand the holy place over to the heretics, and to resist with all disposable resources. His decision was unanimously approved.

5. Defections generalized in Poland - only the monastery resists

Meanwhile, King Jan Kazimierz took refuge in the neighboring principality of Opole, in Silesia, where he would try to reunite the remnants of the army of Poland. But he could not give any assistance to Jasna Gora. Many nobles, on the other hand "satisfied" with the promises of peace and security made by the Swedes, began to return to their properties.

But Stanislaw Warszycki, noble owner of the Castle of Krakow and First Senator of the Crown, sent provisions and 12 cannons at that moment as his contribution to help in the defense of Jasna Gora.

6. Second employment of the binomial fear-kindness

Now came reports that General Miller, with an army of three or four thousand men and nineteen heavy guns, plus some supporting bands from the Count of Wrzeszczewicz, Waklaw Sadowski and the Prince of Saxony, were setting out from Weilun toward Czestochowa, where he should arrive on the eighteenth.

Then there was no lack of "prudent" advice for the Father Prior. So, the Prior of the convent of Wielun, "taking into account the disparity of the military forces," advised Father Kordecki not to resist, thus sparing Jasna Gora from material damage. This had its influence on the defenders of a weaker character.

7. Second refusal of Father Kordecki - the monastery prepares for every eventuality

But Fray Kordecki did not count on material resources alone. He encouraged all to offer their lives in defense of the honor of the holy place, and to place all their hopes in the Blessed Virgin, "who in such an extreme necessity would not fail them with her help." He asked them all to assist at the Mass which he would pray before the altar of the Image of Our Lady of Czestochowa. He ordered that the Blessed Sacrament be carried in procession along the walls and bastions. He blessed the cannons, one by one, the cannon balls, the bullets, and the barrels of powder.

8. "The monastery answers by the mouth of its cannons": the struggle begins

Meanwhile, the Swedes reached the foot of Jasna Gora. It was two o'clock in the afternoon. General Miller sent a written peace proposal with a delegation, proposing the peaceful capitulation of Jasna Gora, to avoid "unnecessary bloodshed"... The declared adversary also pretended to be merciful.

The enemy troops had already taken up positions for the siege of the walls, and were studying the positions of the cannons of the fortress.

"It did not seem fitting to answer that letter in writing," reported Fr. Kordecki. "It was no longer the hour to write, but to take up arms... We answered by the muzzles of our cannons..." (pg. 109).

The answer was so convincing, that, at nightfall, Miller had to beg for a truce, and he took advantage of the occasion to assure the friars that he did not want to do any damage to the sanctuary.

Since the Swedish troops had occupied granaries belonging to the convent and located outside the walls, the defenders bombarded them at night with incendiary projectiles, so that they could not be used to supply the enemy.

The following day, Miller hid his artillery in the nearby village of Czestochowa, whence he bombarded Jasna Gora. When the religious realized this, they considered that the destruction of the village was of no importance in comparison with the defense of the sanctuary of Our Lady, and, directing their artillery in that direction, they set the thatched houses on fire. Many of the Swedes in their surprise ran out into the open where they were brought under the fire of the monastery's defenders.

9. The fourth attempt to apply the binomial - Fray Kordecki rejects it

Then, Miller sent another delegate to convince the Pauline Friars to accept the peace, by showing them that the resistance of Jasna Gora was unreasonable, in view of the fact that the whole country had already surrendered.

10. The fifth attempt to employ the binomial - Fray Kordecki defiant

The commandant of the heretics sent a new message requesting capitulation, for Karl Gustav had ordered him to take the fortress of Czestochowa. It was nighttime, and since the following day was Sunday and a Feast of Our Lady, there were various ceremonies for the occasion, among them a procession with the Blessed Sacrament, inside the walls. In view of this, the Swedes had to wait until midday for their answer, which was moreover negative.

II. - THE BATTLE

Infuriated, the Protestants concentrated a three day attack on Jasna Gora, launching grenades and incendiary projectiles, trying to set fire to the installations of the monastery and the sanctuary. By night they dug trenches leading toward the walls.

1. Amidst the cannons' roar a hymn from the tower.

Infuriated, the Protestants concentrated a three day attack on Jasna Gora

At a certain moment, in the midst of the noise of the bombardment, a pious and sacral hymn was heard, coming from the height of the tower of the sanctuary, and giving new heart of the defenders. From then on, it became customary to hear everyday, in the midst of the fight, the hymns which emanated from the solid and majestic tower. At this, the Swedes became even more infuriated, for they saw it as a manifestation of contempt for them.

Fire fighting equipment was distributed near the bases of the roofs to combat the incendiary bombs launched by the enemy. Some of them ricocheted off the roofs and fell outside the walls. A bomb, launched at the chapel where the miraculous picture of Our Lady of Czestochowa is found, "turned back toward the enemy camp, as if it had been touched by an invisible force, spreading a terrible fire through the air" (pg. 118)

2. A "commando" raid against the Swedes

Sir Piotr Czarniecki, Commandant of Kiev, one of the five nobles who participated in the defense of Jasna Gora, distinguished in previous wars, decided on a bold stroke against the Swedes. Sallying forth at night with a detachment of soldiers he managed to get into the rearguard of the enemy camps without their detecting him. And he did a beautiful job: he killed the commandant of artillery, various officers, many soldiers, and, having seized two cannon, returned inside the walls. Taking advantage of the confusion and panic which, established themselves among the Swedes, many of them having come out into the open, the cannon of Jasna Gora, complemented Czarniecki's blow eliminating some more of the besiegers, Czarniecki lost only one of his men in the expedition

Miller, becoming convinced that it would not be easy for him to take the fortress, sent a message to Wittemberg, commander of the Swedish armies in Krakow asking him to send cannon powerful enough to break down the walls and additional infantry.

3. Sixth attempt at the binomial: hypocrisy of "a third force"

Meanwhile, a Polish noble, respectable for his age and his speech, unsuspected at first sight, was sent to the fortress to try to persuade its defenders to surrender. "I have come to propose capitulation," he said, "for I consider that it is a pretension beyond the bounds of reason for a monastery to wish to resist the Swedish power, when the whole country has buckled under." And then he gave the age old "friendly advice": "the continuation of the resistance can only stir up the violence of vengeance - it is better to make an agreement with the enemy while you are still intact.... Act as the others have done, for your own good...."(pg. 119) "Moreover the aim of a religious order is to abstain from temporal matters. What do you have to do with the turbulences of war, you whose rules call you to solitude and silence. Ponder it well, lest the arms which you brandish instead of your Rosaries, carry you to perdition...." (pg. 120)

4. The fifth column helps the third force

That was the psychological warfare which Miller carried on during the whole time of the siege. He knew that his messages were presented before all the monks and as many of the civilian defenders as had permission to hear them, on this basis he tried to play on internal public opinion against Fray Kordecki. It seems that Father Prior - either did not discover this ploy - because he always read the successive proposals of Miller before everyone of the psychological conditions of those he commanded would not permit him to act any other way. Nevertheless, he always kept control and maintained his intransigence against the enemy-external and internal.

5. "A noble and a religious in every bastion"

The following day, Fray Kordecki was informed that some members of the garrison were plotting to flee from Jasna Gora and hand themselves over to the Swedes. Fray Kordecki acted immediately: he expelled the chiefs of the revolt from the fortress, increased the salaries of the garrison (the 160 soldiers were paid), and obliged all members of the defending force to swear an oath that they would fight until the last drop of their blood. And he humbly confessed that he, "warned by this event, realized that he had to exert a greater and more exact vigilance" over the troops as well as over the nobles and religious. He assigned the older friars to the choir, particularly the night office, "for during the day even the youngest were usually there." He made a redistribution of the defense, designating a noble and a religious for every bastion; he confided the general command to Sir Stephan Zmoyski and Fr. Ludwick Czarniecki.

6. Two religious to investigate the enemy camp

In order to gain time by delaying the enemy assault, to study his forces, and obtain any news about possible reinforcements which might have been dispatched to Jasna Gora, two religious were sent to the Swedish camp, under the pretext of studying the proposals of General Miller (The Father Prior continuously tried to entertain the enemy commander with this exchanging of messages, to gain time until the winter became more intense, or reinforcements eventually arrived).

In hopes of obtaining their rendition, Miller received the two delegates with open arms, gave them six great fish as a sign of his "generosity," and sent them back with his conditions for a treaty: "the monks must recognize the Swedish King and abjure King Jan Kazimierz."

Fray Kordecki sent him the following answer, with the two monks: "By no means can we deny the rights and protection of King Jan Kazimierz as long as another King, has not been selected according to the laws and consecrated by the most Reverend Primate of the Crown as the customs of our ancestors prescribe.... If some have abandoned our legitimate King, by no means may this proposal to us be an example, to us who are ready to seal with our blood our fidelity to our Lord. Thus to the limit of our forces, we shall defend all the rights of God and of men!"

7. "Even though they kill the hostages, we shall not yield..."

Angered, the heretic commander imprisoned the two religious, sending word that he would only free them if their superiors gave them authority to discuss the terms of surrender with him. And, in the face of Father Kordecki's silence, the general affirmed that he would have the two hostages executed if the defenders of the monastery fire on his soldiers, who then began to move their cannons to positions nearer the walls, always repeating at the top of their voices, the "slogan" of their commandant: shoot and we will liquidate your monks....

At the same time, the heretics spread the news of the fall of the last pockets of resistance in the country, to take away from the beleaguered garrison any hope of receiving external assistance. By all means the tried to break their spirit.

The Father Prior did everything possible to rescue the two monks held by Miller, accusing him of violating the law of nations, the right of immunity of delegates, of showing himself a man without honor, and saying that no agreement would be possible with one who did not respect individual liberty. Finally he warned him that if the heretics in their impiety decided to kill the two hostages, "they (the defending garrison) could not oppose themselves to the will of God, without whose assent not one hair falls from our heads...Let them die then, that by their blood, they may obtain on honorable liberty; while as for us, we swear that we shall dedicate ourselves courageously and confiding in the help of God Almighty, to the defense of the sanctuary"(pg. 129).

Miller decided then to change his tactics: he freed one of the hostages but under the condition that, after visiting the monastery, he return to his clutches, threatening to deal a "terrible death" to the other prisoner, if the condition were not fulfilled.

8. Heroism in obedience

On reaching the convent, as Miller hoped, the religious told what he saw and heard in the enemy camp, and concluded by saying that he considered it madness to continue resisting in the face of such a powerful enemy; nevertheless, he said further - what Miller did not expect - considering the value of his life less than that of the good of the Congregation, he was disposed to review his conclusions if his superiors considered otherwise. And he returned to the Swedish camp with the following proposal: contrary to all the laws of the nations, the two representatives of Jasna Gora had been enslaved: as slaves, they were deprived of their own will so it did not make sense to confer on them authority to discuss anything. As far as they, the hostages, were concerned, they were disposed to sacrifice their lives for the glory of God.

So, Miller sent the second hostage, committing him first by the same oath to return into his hands.

Entering the walls of the fortress, the religious exposed the situation to his confreres, delivering his life into the hands of his superiors and disposing himself to die to keep the Holy Place from being stained by the heretics. When he returned to the camp with the same answer as the first one, both heard the condemnation to the pain of death, to be executed the next day; they were advised moreover by General Miller, to prepare themselves to die by hanging. Hearing the sentence they exclaimed to the shock of the Swedes: "Ah, why may we not die today, if we must be immolated tomorrow for God, for the King and for our Fatherland?"(pg. 130) On the following day however the execution of the penalty was postponed to an indeterminate date.

9. Seeing the armistice violated the monastery opens fire

While this was going on, an armistice was in force. But the Swedes began to take positions nearer to the walls. In the face of this, the beleaguered force broke the ceasefire, imposing heavy casualties on the enemy.

10. Friar Kordecki resists rank and file pressures favorable to the third force

And General Miller sent yet another messenger demanding the rendition of Jasna Gora. Fray Kordecki answered him that, first of all he demanded respect to the pledged word, for what guarantee could he have that the Swedes would fulfill the agreements they made, if they kept the delegates sent by the monastery as hostages? Disappointed in his hopes to take Jasna Gora by peaceful means, Miller finally ordered the freeing of the hostages.

11. The seventh pressure of the binomial fear-kindness: Friar Kordecki resists

In the days which followed, the general insistently sent delegations to the besieged fortress, trying to convince its defenders to open the gates to a Swedish garrison, and to discuss the terms of a treaty. But, to the despair of the heretics, the Father Prior, "in order to have a guarantee that the agreements would be respected," now demanded that they be discussed directly with Karl Gustavo, who was far from Czestochowa.

Meanwhile, a Polish noble, approached the walls, and addressed the faithful nobles: "...for us (traitors) the salvation of our Fatherland is also very dear, we are just as interested as the other nobles are, in the preservation of the country's integrity. Since, it is more and more menaced with ruin, it is necessary to dedicate ourselves to it (our fatherland) with sincerity. So we have decided, prudently, to help it (our country) by going over to H.M. the Swedish King, our most benign lord and defender"; cease, then, this resistance...(pg. 133).

Wittemberg himself, commandant of the troops in Krakow sent a letter to the beleaguered troops, indicating all the "benefits" which the monks would gain if they entered into a treaty with General Miller, and threatened them with cruel reprisals if they continued their resistance.

12. The Protestants employ their arms once again.

Enraged by the intransigence of the defense, the Swedes, losing all hope of any agreement, unleashed heavy attacks against Jasna Gora; but the cannons of the fortress did not permit them to get close to its walls.

13. The Protestants exercise the pressure of fear and kindness for the eighth time.

The seventh of December, Eve of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception, a Polish noble, Piotr Sladowski, who had been arrested by the Swedes when he was returning from Prussia to this village, was sent to the fortress charged with pressing the monks to capitulate. But on the contrary, he encouraged them not to give up, saying that the invading armies had begun to suffer their first defeats, and that the continuous acts of violence of the heretic sacking of the properties of the nobles, murders of priests, profanations of churches, violations of women - were stirring up great reaction in the country. All of these violence's were taking place, he added, with God's permission and as a chastisement for those who were lacking in fidelity to Jan Kazimierz.

14. Two valuable hawkish reports

The following day, the Feast of Our Lady, one of the villagers of Czestochowa, disguised as a Swedish soldier; managed to reach the walls, and informed its defenders that the besieging army was about to receive six heavy cannons from Krakow to demolish the walls, plus reinforcements of 200 infantrymen; on the other hand, many Tartar troops were going to join Jan Kazimierz. He also threw in a letter signed by Fr. Antoni Paskowski, Prior of the Paulist Convent in Krakow, which described the atrocities committed by the heretics and recommended to the defenders of Jasna Gora that they not let themselves be deceived by the kind of words of the enemy for "among the Swedes nothing is sacred, neither faith, nor religion, divine or human; they are not accustomed to fulfill any agreement or political oath" (pg. 137).

A little later, a Tartar, who was permitted to come within the walls, after contemplating the sanctuary, surprised the monks with words of encouragement, urging them not to permit that "swine and perjurers occupy the place consecrated to the Most Pure Virgin."

With all of these facts, noted Fr. Kordecki, the people under his command recovered their confidence and spirits, although they knew that Miller would soon receive six heavy cannons to batter down the walls.

15. The Catholics witness a clear intervention of Providence

While the ceremonies of the Feast of the Immaculate Conception were being carried out, a Swedish soldier who was returning from the village of Redzin, where he had blasphemed against the honor of Our Lady, fell struck by a ball coming from Jasna Gora, which was not aimed at him, but which ricocheted off the snow and hit him. Fr. Kordecki noted the fact, commenting that thus, "he who insulted the sempiternal brilliance and glory of the Most Holy Mother of God, received at God's hands a just chastisement, as unworthy to see the sun"(pg. 137).

16. More armed combat than ever

On Saturday, the heretics began once again to bombard the monastery, and on Sunday the bombardment took on such a fury, that it appeared that "hell itself was vomiting against the sacred icon." The monks, however, carried out that morning - as was their custom - a ceremony in honor of the Blessed Sacrament. After the Holy Mass, the Most Holy was carried in a procession along the walls; Fr. Kordecki said that the balls passed closed to the heads of the defenders, but that only after the termination of the ceremonies did they respond to the enemy fire. During that day, 330 projectiles fell upon the fortress, and three of its soldiers gave their souls to God.

About midday, the enemy ceased fire and sent a message asking if the monks had been convinced yet to accept the protection of the Swedish king. But the Prior was not in a hurry: he told them that he would send his answer the next day. Immediately, the Swedes renewed the heavy bombardment. The following day, the scene was repeated, and the monks responded once again: "such important matters must be pondered at length..." (pg. 140).

17. The Catholics witness another intervention of Providence

At that stage, the winter was becoming more intense, so the Swedish soldiers were led to light bonfires at night to protect themselves from the cold, however, in this way they revealed their positions, coming under the direct fire of the defenders of Jasna Gora. And they quickly convinced themselves that, between cold and death, it was better to take the cold.

By this time already, the garrison was preparing itself for the assault which the enemy would launch, sooner or later, against the walls. They prepared the clubs with nails sticking out of them, iron bars, beams and rocks to repel those who might reach the walls.

When the Swedes launched themselves for the first assault, they were easily repelled, because their movements showed up against the snow and made them an easy mark for the defending troops.

In the days that followed, a dense fog covered Monte Claro, making it possible for the Swedes to move their great assault machinery closer, unperceived, while the great cloud was not cleared away by the supplications and prayers of the besieged. In view of this, the Prior selected one of the religious to "cry out for help of the powers of God against the spells of the enemy, to clear the darkened air with exorcisms, and bless the arms of the garrison," this turned out to be so efficient that, it neutralized the efforts of the witches, clearing the darkness from the air, and once again their shots were sure, and the enemy fell, in spite of being protected by the abject help of the demon" (pg. 143).

18. New third force defections within the monastery

While the heretics continued pounding Jasna Gora, two Polish nobles had taken refuge there. Fearing that the fortress would be taken, one of them took two religious and the other his wife and small son. They had even obtained permission of Miller to pass through the line of fire, but Father Kordecki categorically prevented them from carrying out their intentions, so that such an act might not affect the morale of the defense.

But this event, added to the insistence of the enemy attacks plus the death of a youthful member of the garrison, did not delay in influencing the spirit of some of the monks. They, in a state of continuous fear, began to urge surrender, arguing that, if Providence, in whose hands is the power to lose thrones or to put them in other hands, had delivered the Polish Crown to the Swedes, it did not behoove them as monks, to oppose themselves to the will of God, but to accept it, all the more so since the enemy assured them the defense of the Faith and freedom of worship...

When such insinuations became more frequent in the meetings of the Congregation, the Prior called them to order, fraternally enough but not without energy: "...what Faith is ours, he bellowed, what love, what gratitude to God so generous to us - that such small damage to our earthly comforts is able to turn us away from the guard and protection of the chest containing the celestial treasures of the eternal King? Let us consider that it is by far more prudent for us to defend the integrity of the House of God, the Holy Faith and at the same time our own liberties, than for us to lose all and, in addition to that, to go into exile and eternal slavery." (Pg. 146).

19. Another "hawkish" report

A letter, signed by a noble, found in the moat around the walls, which Fray Kordecki considered a grace destined to revive the hopes of those who were intimidated, reported the movement of the Tartars to the aid of Jan Kazmierz. This news really encouraged the defenders again.

20. The Protestant aggression grows more intense

After trying an assault on the north side, the heretics then tried to demolish the walls on the south side, by means of an intense bombardment. They also fired against the sanctuary itself, trying to weaken its walls.

21. The third force in the monastery applies the ninth fear-kindness pressure

Now it is some of the nobles who have take refuge there, who go suggesting to the Prior that he reach an agreement with the enemy. The enemy, they say, who has dominated the whole country, will not be intimidated by the resistance of his last focus. We have no prospects of receiving reinforcements. So, why not accept an accord with the Swedes, which they themselves are offering us, while our situation is still good? (Fray Kordecki does not mention names, but it appears clear that those "doves" were from among the number of those ignominious nobles, who sought refuge in Jasna Gora, but refused to take up arms, in order not to "compromise" themselves... There is a note about them at the end of this work).

Fray Kordecki answers them: "...but the enemy will not concede all that we demand; we desire (above all), that the place consecrated to the Virgin Most Pure never be stained by the impious feet of the heretics. You, dear sirs, overcome by adversities, desire to reach an accord so that, relieving yourselves of the unhappiness of the siege and the discomforts of the war, you will then be able to enjoy an agreeable peace without any worries. Do you think that, if we surrender, you will be free from all the adversities of war once you have left the cloister?... The capitulation will become for you, then, a spring of misfortunes and defeats; but if, on the contrary, bearing the slight inconveniences, we overcome the obstinacy of our enemies with the help of God, then we should surely win a certain stable peace." Peace through intransigence (pg. 148).

22. Pressure from the Protestants for the tenth time

One day, Miller's soldiers discovered a number of silver objects belonging to the sanctuary, which had been hidden in the bottom of a tank, on hearing the news of the advance of the Swedish troops toward Czestochowa. The chief of the heretics as a proof of his "respect" for the holy place, offered the silver which had been found, promising to add moreover some of his personal jewels, if the monks agreed to place Jasna Gora under the "protection" of Karl Gustav. The Prior responded immediately: "As to the return of the silver objects, we accept the gracious offer of the General, but not accepting the condition which was proposed to us: because the glory of God and the protection of the sacred things is more important for us than all the treasures in the world" (pg. 150).

23. A notable victory of the Catholics

The 20th of December, Sir Stefan Zamoyski, in broad daylight, at one o'clock in the afternoon, sallied forth on horseback with a group of soldiers, and moving through the moat, and then through trenches which the enemy was digging toward the walls, took some advance detachments of the besieging forces by surprise, killing several soldiers and destroying two of their cannons. They retired under cover of fire from the walls. In this incursion, Zamoyski lost only one man. The Swedes suspended their attack for two days, in order to take care of their dead and wounded.

Perhaps fear also led Miller to cease his fire, comments Fray Kordecki for the news went about that, when the general was offering a banquet for his officers, a cannon ball fired at his tent, went through the wall and destroyed the table, causing all the guests to leave hurriedly, without even making their farewells.

24. Within the monastery the supreme pressure of fear-kindness

On the third day, the defenders of Jasna Gora identified on the horizon the wagons loaded with gunpowder, and the heavy guns coming from Krakow, to reinforce the besieging army. Then, fear once again came to dominate the besieged. And many of the nobles tried to convince the monks to surrender. The religious debating about the new situation, reached contradictory decisions. "The power of the enemy, the lack of reinforcements, the atrocious fury of the heretics, the loss of their possessions, the injury of the Holy Place," all this occurred to the mind of the monks. In the hour of pressure, sophisms: "Those who were attached to their lives and were eager for peace, wanted an accord with the enemy. They were saying: "It is right for a religious, who has renounced the world and consecrated himself to the spiritual service of Christ, to take up the sword and shed blood; he should rather forget such things and dedicate himself to his own salvation and if we are going to have to surrender to our enemy for lack of food, isn't it better to do it now, so we will avoid increasing his anger by our delay?" (pg. 155).

The older monks, however, were of exactly the opposite opinion, and they managed to make their counsels prevail. After expounding some of the reasons why the resistance ought to continue, they urged them all to wait for the coming of reinforcements and confide in the mercy of God, "because if we once give up to the enemy, then there will be no more possibility of correcting our error." (Pg. 155).

"Without doubt, if the Supreme Judge disposes that our Fatherland recover its ancient grandeur (and this we cannot even doubt), all the force of its libertarian must come from Jasna Gora," for, since Our Lady has been pleased to be called Queen of Poland, She has made Jasna Gora the capital of Her Kingdom. Whence it follows that Jasna Gora is "the fountain of the graces which God will pour out over souls, curing them of their internal weaknesses, whence also will flow the strength and health of the whole body of our Fatherland. That most glorious Lady will extend her hand once again - (which she withdrew, on account of the inscrutable designs of God) to the defense of our unfortunate Fatherland, and lift it up from its defeat; so that we may understand that the Kingdom of Poland will recover its ancient grandeur only by generosity, the power and the protection of its queen." (Pg. 156)

With the new heavy guns and the assault carts which he had received from Wittemberg, Gen. Miller prepared himself for a second assault, and, as usual, he sent a message to the monks proposing peace, and threatening to discharge all his hatred over the Holy Place, if his proposal were refused.

As was his custom, also, Fray Kordecki answered amiably asking for time "to consult his superiors": only then..."shall we do what seems suitable." He also asked a truce for the following day, since it would be the day of the Holy Nativity.

At the same time, the Prior wrote to the Count of Wrezczewicz, appealing to him to intercede with the general, to obtain a truce of Christmas. His purpose in this was to mystify the Swedes about the state of spirit of the besieged garrison, and to gain time, which would be particularly precious now, in view of the news that the King had begun to move with his troops.

But Miller responded immediately through the treasonous Count; he would concede a truce only if he received, that same night, an answer from Kordecki agreeing to surrender.

This time the Prior of the Paulines decided not to answer: and the religious spent all night Christmas Eve awake: some watching on the walls, others encouraging the garrison; but the majority stayed in the church praying.

25. The Protestants launch yet yet another attack

A more intense movement in the enemy camp, more numerous campfires presaged something menacing for that night. God, however, did not permit the heretics to pour out their fury over Jasna Gora, until the following day, after the end of the Catholic ceremonies in the sanctuary.

At midday the 25th, the massive attack commenced. "The cannons to the north thundered, and the balls struck with such force on the walls of the cloister, that, in many places they went right through them, flying and bouncing around amid the debris and dust that they scattered in the corridors and stairways, and causing such fear among its residents that no one had the courage to look out the window. Now the enemy hurled torches wrapped in hemp, soaked in pitch, and studded with brimstone and sulfur. They scattered a terrifying fire, principally those that came in iron tubes, so that they vomited fire and lead on all sides. They were similar to grenades, but since the majority of them fell outside of the Cloister, or in its interior patio, they did not do any damage" (pg. 162-163). The most dangerous projectiles after all, were the iron ones with lead in their bellies which on exploding, scattered pieces of iron in all directions.

"At nightfall, finally, one of the heavy guns which was doing the most damage, burst, putting an end to the attack. It was said all over, and heard from the Swedes themselves, in the camp, during the siege, as well as amidst other circumstances, that the cannon balls fired against the cloister frequently bounced off the walls and, returned to the Swedish camp with great force. When many doubted this, the respectable Piotr Okrasa, who Christmas day was delivering provisions in the camp of the besieging troops, affirmed categorically that is what occurred with the last shot of that canon and that in the midst of an unusual fear, they were saying in the camp that by the force of the projectile, which had bounced back from the wall, the cannon was destroyed and its gunner killed. He (Piotr Okrasa) said that this seemed to him to be true, for the projectile which was then carried about through the camp, had the characteristics of a true Swedish cannon ball - it was larger than any of those in Jasna Gora. There is not the slightest doubt that, from the moment in which that cannon was blown up,The roar of the cannons was no longer heard-neither on that day, nor on those that followed-thus it seemed that a great and miraculous power, contrary to the enemy, put an end to the siege of Jasna Gora, for the Swedes had all the ammunition they wanted (pg. 164).

26. The eleventh and supreme pressure of fear and kindness

At dusk General Miller once again wrote to the Pauline monks. It would be his last proposal, his last threat. After regretting the intransigence of the defenders of Jasna Gora, he offered them two alternatives: either they would hand the fort over to the Swedish troops on that very day, or, swearing on oath of fidelity to Karl Gustav, they would pay an indemnity of 60 thousand talars to the besieging troops, after which the siege would be lifted. If the offer was refused, however, he threatened "to reduce to ruins and ashes all the villages and hamlets located within a radius of three miles, and to hand over all the properties of all the nobles who were resisting in Jasna Gora to be sacked, burned and totally destroyed..." (pg. 165).

On the following day, the 26th of December, the Father Prior responded to the Swedish General; It is a shame, but now we have no means to pay the ransom you ask!But you, sir general, know that we are not rebels, for we are not against the monarchy...

At the same time, he wrote to the Count of Wrzeszczewicz, but in other terms: On account of former benefits which Your Excellency has conceded to this sanctuary, your life has been spared various times during this siege; but lower thy head, "do not abuse the patience of God!"

27. The supreme refusal of Fray Kordecki: the definitive victory of the convent

On that day, according to the custom, the defenders continued the commemorations of the Nativity, with chants and ceremonies. But the Swedish troops thought that it was the celebration of some victory, and began to abandon their positions in their consternation. The officers recognizing what was really going on, concluded in their turn, that the besieged forces must be very well provisioned, in victuals and in munitions, to permit themselves such festivities. In fact, the provisions were already at their end...38 days of siege had gone by.

"In the obscurity of the night, the heavy guns were retired from their positions; in the early morning the commanders of that so numerous army withdrew, each on his own way. Miller went to Piotrkoy, the Count of Wrzeszczewicz to Welum, Sadowski to Sieradz, the Saxon Prince to Krakow" (pg. 168).

III. INTERVENTIONS OF OUR LADY WHICH THE PROTESTANTS SAW AND THE CATHOLICS DID NOT SEE: OUR LADY, THE GREAT VICTOR

"How could it have happened that only 70 religious (absolutely non-combatants) should have felt such force in themselves, that with five nobles and their few servants, plus 160 infantry men, the greater part of them villagers, that they dared to resist such a numerous army, if God Himself, protecting that place consecrated to the glory of his dear Mother, had not inspired this determination in the religious and had not inculcated courage in the midst of the general fear? Because, although sometimes they lost hope, whenever, after the recitation of prayers, they assembled in the refectory and each one was consulted, all voted unanimously that they would prefer rather to fall suffering the most terrible of deaths, than to permit that the infamous Swede stain with his feet the place consecrated to the Most Pure Virgin" (pg. 170).

1. So that no man may boast...

"God Himself disposed things in such a way, that among the mountains celebrated for their miracles, might also be numbered this Mount Clear of Poland, defended by a special mercy of God, obtained by the Most Holy Virgin; so that no man may brag of having saved it, or at least repeat proud and boastful phrases: it was our hands that did this..."

2. "A Lady of a menacing countenance..."

"According to the testimony of our enemies themselves, it is manifest that Jasna Gora was defended miraculously and successfully, because Lord Grodzicki, Commandant of artillery of H.M., and others, revealed that Miller said in the encampment that the only motive which lead him to raise the siege of Jasna Gora was the word and the menacing face of a noble lady, who appeared before him, leaving him perturbed. Whence the report was spread about among the Swedes that Miller lifted the siege because he was deceived by a maiden at the service of the monks. What was said among the people, however, was that the general was severely warned by a lady who appeared to him, to raise the siege, under pain of the complete loss of his army" (pg. 172).

The letters of the Dominican nuns of Piotrkow to the sisters who were then in Jasna Gora are in accord with this description, they contain, among others, the following facts: "Miller observed with great attention, here in the church, the picture of Our Lady of Czestochowa, and since his interpreter asked us to give him a small copy of the image, we gave it to him, and Miller took it from his hands. Thus it became clear to us that Miller wanted to find out if the vision he had at night was similar to the picture."

The same religious of Piotrkow later told the Most Rev. Provincial (under whose jurisdiction is also the convent of Czestochowa), that Miller, after he took the picture from the hands of the interpreter, said the following: "It is absolutely not comparable to that virgin who appeared to me; for it is not possible to see anything comparable on earth. Something of the celestial and divine, which frightened me from the beginning, shone in her face."

I return to the letter: "The Swedes themselves affirmed, that some of them saw a Lady on the walls, pointing the cannons and furnishing with her own hands, the necessary arms to the defenders who were in the trenches; and to whose who were tunneling in the rock (the mount is based on a rock, and the Swedes were excavating tunnels toward the walls) toward the walls there appeared a venerable old man, who counseled them to give up their useless labor, for not even in seven years would they manage to carry it out. Crushed then by these apparitions, they gave up the siege." This was also heard from the Swedes by Sir Aleksy Sztrzalkowski, who told it to the monks, on his word of honor."

"Lady Jadwiga Jaroszewsha also told that she saw the figure of a venerable old man, who encouraged her with the hope that God would in brief manifest His mercy, and the enemy would raise the siege of Jasna Gora. In that vision, a friar (who called her by the name), in a white habit, celebrated Mass at an altar located in a corner to the right, on the east side of the Church. We could not consider the old man as any other than St. Paul (the first hermit and our Patriarch), to whose honor this altar is consecrated. Sirs Jan Wiechowski and Maciej Wegierski of the Polish nobility, testified that they had heard the Swedes telling how they had seen an old man beside a Lady, who appeared on the walls and beat back the Swedish projectiles."

3. "She obliged us to cover our eyes and bow our heads

"So also, Father Blazej Wadowski, Prior of Weiruszov of our Order, stated under oath that in the house of a citizen of Wieruszow invited by the Swedish commanders, Jorge Eichner and Arens Lukman to eat with them they heard such blasphemies from the mouths of the profaners as: "What witch is this that is to be found in your cloister of Czestohowa, who covered with a blue mantle sallies from the cloister and walks along the walls, resting from time to time on the bastions - and whose sight makes our people drop with terror, so much so that, when she appears, we have to turn our faces to the ground and protect our eyes?"

"Other military chiefs who were then seated at the table confirmed this. Some of them added moreover, as if they were vomiting it: "Your monks are perfect sorcerers. Look how they bewitched one of our companions so that, from the moment in which he fired against the church, he has his arm stuck straight out, and it is impossible to lower it or bend it in any direction; what is more, his whole body is as it were paralyzed, making it impossible for him to sit or dismount from a horse, so we had to send him to Leszno with his arm extended, in the position in which he was when he pointed the carbine, because he was a useless burden to us."

"The Prior cited above added that, formerly, the Swedes, arrogantly spread blasphemies against the Most Holy Virgin, now, after the withdrawal from Czestochowa, they have become more bland and not one did not hear anything like that from their lips" (pg. 173-174).

4. "…and pointed a sword at the Swedish Camps"

"Sir Mikloj Bielawski, of Ruska, described the commentaries of the Swedes, with his own pen, for our perpetual remembrance, as follows:

"The soldiers of the division of Sadowski (a turncoat noble), who as a colonel of the Swedish army, returning from Jasna Gora, passed through my village, which is called Golina. When I asked, once, those who were quartered in my house, what had happened at Czestochowa, and if they had been successful in the siege of Monte Claro, with such a numerous army, they answered: -- that frequently there had appeared to them a person in a white mantle, who, coming out from the cloister, would point at the Swedish camp with a sword (here a line of the book is missing)… immediately would fall. We learned also from the very sentinels that forty soldiers, terrified by this awful vision, had lost their lives."

"When this same noble was visited a second time by the soldiers, out of chivalry, they told him "that they themselves had seen a Lady vested in a white mantle; when two Silesian brothers by the name of Dudzicz, pointed their carbines at Her, part of the breech of the carbine of one of them was driven so far into his face, that it was impossible for us to remove it, the surgeon had to cover it; the other had his body paralyzed as if he were petrified; the Swedish army took him with them. "This account, they made under oath, and the aforementioned noble signed it and sent it to Jasna Gora."

"Sir Strzalkawaki, already mentioned before, an eminent and cultured man, a citizen of Greater Poland, testified that he also heard from many Swedes, that the Lady seen on the walls of the cloister terrified them by her bearing, as well as by the dense fog which enveloped the cloister, just when they were making the greatest efforts to take it. We have also been informed of this same fact by outstanding men and trustworthy citizens of Czestochowa, who heard such reports from Polish soldiers in the service of the Swedes" (pg. 175).

"Many trustworthy nobles testified how they found the following fact among the commentaries of the besieging Swedes particularly noteworthy: "frequently (said the Swedes), when we were preparing for the assault of the cloister with siege guns, there would appear a fog, enveloped in this fog the mountain cast false shadows which tricked our vision - it would appear that the mountain with the cloister was raised high in the air, and when we aimed our cannon fire up there, the projectiles passed over the cloister without doing it any damage. Sometimes also in the midst of that dark fog, which confused our vision, we would see the cloister on top of a low hill; when our gunners, deceived by the shadows took the cloister as their target, as it appeared, the projectiles would fall close to the walls of the fortress and ricocheting on the frozen ground return at great velocity" (to the Swedish camp).

"I decided to add to the account of the siege of Jasna Gora some of these examples of miraculous facts, to show clearly that the hill of the Most Holy Virgin was defended and saved by the hand of God Himself," writes Fray Kordecki (pg. 176.)

IV. THE PROPAGANDA OF THE SWEDES

The Swedes had a booklet published in Amsterdam which contained a fanciful description of the "conquest" of Jasna Gora and which they spread all over Europe prior to their withdrawal from Czestochowa. This description showed in detail what they would like to have done if they had in fact taken the shrine. Kordecki includes it in his Memoirs "For the shame of that subversive and impious people." King John Casmir, who had received it from Paris, gave him a copy of the booklet. Under the title "Victory of the Swedish King, in which twenty thousand Poles fell and Czestochowa was destroyed," the document reports falsely that Jasna Gora was taken and that Swedish soldiers "spared neither man nor women and killed the monks and priests... and that the victors carried off as spoils even the silver picture frames form the church." (Pg. 181).

V. THE JUST END OF A CENTRIST

The traitorous Count of Wrzeszczewicz, after having been defeated in battle in Lesser Poland, was later discovered by peasants and beaten to death with rods (pg. 186).

VI. THE INTRANSIGENCE OF JASNA GORA SPARKS REACTIONS ALL OVER

Published with the "Memoirs" is the text of the document with twelve "demands" which the nobility presented to the invaders, right after they had entered the country, as a condition for their recognizing the Swedish King. The "demands" boil down to the following: Do not touch our possessions and leave us freedom of worship… Fray Kordecki merely reproduces the text of the document, without making any commentary.

For such a document to be valid, however, explained the Prior of Jasna Gora, it would have to be ratified by the Senate. There the chief influence belonged to the ecclesiastical senators, who chose exile rather than approve such an agreement.

The Archbishop of Gniezno, Primate of the Polish Crown and first Duke, sent out a call to all the provinces immediately after the fall of Krakow on the 17th of November, 1655, summoning all the nobles to unite around the legitimate king in order to fight against the invaders. His terms however, have neither energy nor Catholicity: "I hope that all will return to fight for our King and our Fatherland…"

On January 3,1656. The Primate announced to the nation an unexpected event: the Khan of the Tartars, entering the Polish territories, communicated to King John Casmir that he wanted to unite his armies with those of the Poles to combat the enemies of His majesty. "This is especially a work to the mercy and Power of God," continued the Primate, inasmuch as, while some Christians rejoice at our ruin and other refuse us any help or protection, He aids us by means of those who are outside the Church of Christ... Thus, offering His all-powerful right hand to those who had grown weak, He does not permit the Kingdom to disappear. (pg 204).

Despite the Primate's summons and this encouraging support, the nobles did not respond until after the news of the victorious defense of Jasna Gora had spread all over Poland and had commenced to stir up a great reaction among the humble folk. Only then, on the 29th of December 1656, they formed the Confederation of the Nobility in Arms. The oaths they took, were like the following: I swear to do my duty "before God, my conscience and public law…"

VII. THE GLORIFICATION OF OUR LADY OF CZESTOCHOWA

Once the faithful forces had been gathered together, and so that the counter-offensive would have the greatest success, the King made his way to the Cathedral of Lwow in the company of the nobility and the people, and there, with the approbation of the Senate, solemnly proclaimed Our Lady of Czestochowa Queen and Mother of Poland, that is of the Poles, Lithuanians, and White Russians, the peoples who then formed part of the Polish-Lithuanian Crown. The act was carried out before the altar of the Most Holy Virgin in the following terms:

"Great Mother of God and Most Holy Virgin! I, John Casmir II, by the grace of Thy Son, the King of Kings, and by Thy Grace, I, the King, casting myself on my knees at Thy Most Holy feet, take Thee today as my Patroness and Queen of my dominions, and I recommend to Thy special protection and defense, myself and my Polish Kingdom, The Nation of Lithuania, and the Principalities of Ruthenia, Prussia, Mazuria, Zmudzia, Inflanta, and Czernichow, as well as the armies of both nations and all my people.

" I cry humbly, from this pitiful and devastated state of my Kingdom, for Thy mercy and assistance against the enemies of the Holy Roman Catholic and Apostolic Church, and, grateful for the immense benefits conferred by Thee, I sense with the nation, a commanding desire to serve Thee zealously, and, in my name and in that of the administrators and of the people, I promise to Thee and to Thy Son, Jesus Christ Our Lord, I will spread Thy glory though all the countries of our Kingdom. Finally, I promise and vow to obtain from the Holy See, since it is only through thy powerful intercession and through the mercy of Thy Son that I shall obtain victory over our enemies, and particularly over the Swedes, that this day be celebrated annually and forever and consecrated to Thee and Thy Son in acknowledgment of these graces, and I will dedicate myself with the Bishops of the Crown so that my promised be kept by my peoples.

"As I see, to the great sorrow of my soul, that all the adversities which have fallen upon my Kingdom in the last seven years, the epidemics, the wars, and other misfortunes, were sent by the Supreme Judge as a punishment for the groans and for the oppression of the peasant. I promise and vow, after the conquest of peace, in union with all the states, to use all means to free my people from all unjust burdens and oppressions. Grant, Oh most loving Queen and Lady, that I obtain the grace of Thy Son to do all that I propose, to which Thou Thyself has inspired me!"

The people wept with emotion on hearing the words of the King, realizing that, from then on, the Blessed Virgin would be recognized as Queen of Poland.

VIII. POLAND SAVED AT CZESTOCHOWA

Immediately after their defeat in Jasna Gora, the Swedes began to lose their fervor, and defeated in battle after battle, they had to fall back into Prussia and lost the greater part of their units.

IX. OUR LADY OF CZESTOCHOWA GLORIFIED IN THE EPIC OF JASNA GORA

"On Easter Sunday, a few days after the King's arrival a Jasna Gora, a triple sun appeared to the south and at the same time there was seen a double solar crown, one of which moved through the air and enveloped the hill and the cloister, the other turned upward with its high point toward the sun, touched the solar disc itself.

"It was beautiful to contemplate these celestial phenomena, for we considered them as symbolizing a victory and as a visible manifestation of the appeasement of the divine anger. Just as the tragic signs in the setting sun of three years before foretold the cruelty of was and immense bloodshed, so the clear brilliance of the sun now returning and the extraordinary crowns, seemed to all to announce the palm of victory and peace." (Pg. 212-213)

"Poland, if thou fightest for Mary, thou shalt be terrible to the followers of hell."

"Contemplate, Poland of posterity, what a great benefit was conferred upon Thee by the Mother of God, whose devotion thy Apostle and martyr Saint Albert, Archbishop of Gniezno, so zealously propagated together with the Roman Catholic Faith! Follow then the holy example of they forefathers, for, if you guard your devotion to Mary, propagate it zealously, and defend it generously, you will attract even greater mercies and become terrible to the followers of hell! Let Christendom look and admire how courageously our Queen of Heaven and earth protects Her kingdom, and how efficaciously She sends aid to Her subjects, deprived of all human help! May the angel of the armies of the Lord, guardian of Poland, deign to move the heavenly militias to pay homage together with us to the supreme majesty of God for such great benefits and may He, with His powerful hand, disperse all the enemies who ally themselves to eradicate from Poland devotion to the Queen of Angels!" (pg. 213)

* The expression third force is employed here to refer to those who are neither with the Catholics against the enemies of the Catholic cause, nor openly against them.

1 The Primate was in Poland the 1st Duke; when the throne was vacant, he would assume the Regency.