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| "The ground of my freedom, I build upon the Great Charter of England." John Lilburne |
London in August 1647 was a tense and frightened city. The Civil War
had exhausted the nation and coarsened its people. Parliament had
emerged victorious, but it was becoming clear that the real power in the
land was the military force that had defeated Charles I, the New Model
Army, whose troopers were advancing on the capital, unpaid and angry.
In a gesture to the soldiers, Parliament appointed their commander,
Sir Thomas Fairfax, Constable of the Tower of London. The first act of
the Roundhead general on taking up his post was an encouraging one. He
called for the greatest treasure in the Tower to be brought before him.
Not a crown nor a sceptre, but a desiccated piece of parchment carrying
barely legible Latin script.
“This is that which we have fought for,” he breathed reverently, “and by God’s help we must maintain.”
I feel a stab of patriotism whenever I recall that story as, I
suspect, do most British people. I say “British” rather than “English”:
the civil wars had touched every territory where our language was
spoken, including the precarious North American colonies. The principles
that had actuated Cromwell's Ironsides in England were closely allied
to those that had stirred Scotland's Covenanters and, indeed, New
England's Puritans: a majority of Harvard graduates in the 1640s crossed
the Atlantic to fight alongside their cousins in the cause of
parliamentary supremacy.
English nationalists, as well as Scottish separatists, sometimes
claim that Magna Carta is a narrowly English document, of no interest to
the rest of the United Kingdom, and it's obviously true that England
was a separate kingdom in 1215 – though Scottish monarchs had vaguely
and fitfully acknowledged the suzerainty of their English counterparts
since Saxon times, and though King John's father had conquered Ireland.
That, though, was then. The principles of the Great Charter have
since become the common property of all English-speaking peoples. One
copy adorns the Australian Parliament in Canberra, another hangs
alongside the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution in
Washington. Here is the Anglosphere's defining text.
I've described Magna Carta before as the Torah of the
English-speaking peoples – the text that sets us apart while, at the
same time, speaking universal truths to the human race. In placing the
law above the government, it established, in a written, contractual
form, the precept that was to lift us above the run of nations. In
creating an enforcement mechanism – a council that would, within 50
years, become the Parliament that still meets in Westminster – it
ensured that representative government was not a mechanism for the
majority to override the minority, but a guarantor of freedom.
There are two other reasons to recall, with pride, Fairfax's
veneration of Magna Carta. First, because the idea is getting around
that we are freighting the document with a significance that
contemporaries would not have recognised. The Charter, runs this line of
argument, was a truce between a cornered king and his mutinous barons –
a truce that the king broke the moment he could. It had nothing to say
to or for the vast majority of Englishmen, let alone Englishwomen, who
remained serfs and vassals.
In a literal sense, all this is true; and yet our later freedoms were
gestating in the Charter. Establish the rule of law – the idea that the
authorities can't make up the rules as they go along – and everything
else will eventually follow: free contract, secure property, equality
before courts, free elections, free speech, free association, free
conscience and, in due course, religious pluralism, a universal
franchise and equality between the sexes.
Are we backdating the significance of what happened 800 years ago?
No. Magna Carta was quoted throughout the Middle Ages in precisely the
way that Whig historians were later to claim: as a defence against
arbitrary government. It was seized on by the tax-weary subjects of
Edward I, who forced that martial monarch to reissue it in 1297. It was
cited repeatedly during the fourteenth century in the cause of baronial
or parliamentary supervision of the government. A statute of 1369,
during the reign of the equally martial Edward III, declared Magna Carta
to have constitutional force, overriding lesser laws: “If any Statute
be made to the contrary, that shall be holden for none.”
By the fifteenth century, Magna Carta had been reconfirmed by various
monarchs more than 40 times. The idea that Coke or Hampden or some
other agitator in the cause of parliamentary sovereignty found a copy in
an old collection and gave contemporary relevance to a text that had
until then been of antiquarian interest depends upon disregarding a
great deal of what was said during the intervening four centuries.
There is another, yet better, reason to recall Fairfax and his cause.
Such episodes place – or ought to place – Magna Carta beyond the
quarrels of our times. Left or Right, radical or conservative,
republican or monarchist, Christian, Muslim, Jewish or atheist, surely
we can all celebrate the subordination of our rulers to the law. We can
all take pride in the fact that this concept was born here, on this
island – in, as it happens, my constituency.
In this morning's Guardian, Owen Jones insists
that his version of British history is very different from David
Cameron's. Reading Owen is one of my guilty pleasures, but today's piece
contains two of the silliest sentences I've ever come across:
There is a history of Britain that is about empire, aristocracy, monarchy, the established church, exploitative employers, and so on. The Tory view of history is founded on the myth of a benevolent elite granting carefully managed change out of goodwill and generosity.
What? What? Have you ever heard anyone – never mind a
reputable historian, even a contrarian Conservative student – claim that
the dispersal of power in this country happened without a fight? Not
for the first time, I'm struck by how extraordinarily wide of the mark
are the views that Leftists attribute to Rightists. (The reverse,
interestingly, is not true. Asked to fill in a political questionnaire
in the persona of "a typical liberal", conservatives get it broadly
right. Asked to imagine themselves as "a typical conservative", Lefties
get the answers badly wrong. Jonathan Haidt explains why in The Righteous Mind. But I digress)
After presenting a grotesque parody of what Tories supposedly
believe, Owen tells us that his own view of British history draws on the
Lollards, the Levellers, the Chartists, the Tolpuddle Martyrs and so
on. That's great, Owen, but shall I tell you something? Conservatives –
trust me on this – admire those movements, too.
We like the idea of wresting power away from remote elites: it's why we
distrust quangos and Eurocrats. As Harold Macmillan was fond of saying,
we didn't get rid of the divine right of kings only to bow down before
the divine right of experts.
The Lollards prefigured the Reformation and the freedom-loving culture it implied: we love them. The Levellers pioneered the property-based individualism that is nowadays called "libertarian": we love them.
The Chartists stood for straightforward democracy, and would have
loathed the privileging of NGOs and other corporate interests: we love them.
Alright, it would be stretching things to say that we "love" the
Tolpuddle Martyrs, but we admire their courage in defending the
principles of free association and free contract.
Please don't get me wrong: I am not trying to claim any of these groups for the Right. Tony Benn's reverence
for the Levellers was every bit as sincere as Enoch Powell's. My point
is that a story that could equally inspire Benn and Powell can fairly be
said to distinguish Britain from other places. If anything, it's a
story that ought to make Lefties feel especially patriotic.
I've just been at a reception in advance of next year's 800th
anniversary. There were historians present, and representatives from
Runnymede and the Charter towns and some very bright history students
from the Magna Carta school in Staines. David Cameron made a first-rate
speech: informed, fluent, patriotic and delivered without notes. He
spoke about the global fight against corruption. He argued that the true
test of the rule of law was how often a government was defeated in
court – a test, he added ruefully, that Britain passed handsomely. He
traced a line from Runnymede to our own age. I don't think that Owen
Jones would have disagreed with a single word. That consensus is what
makes us who we are as a people.
With the most distant copy of Magna Carta, in Canberra, earlier this year
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